Paying tax as a freelancer: a guide

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What type of tax do freelancers pay?

As a freelancer, the type of tax you’ll pay will depend on your business structure - whether you operate as a sole trader or a limited company.

As a sole trader, it’s your responsibility to pay the right tax on time. How much tax you’ll pay will depend on your profits and how much you earn each year. You’ll pay tax on anything you earn over your tax-free Personal Allowance which is currently £12,570. As a sole trader, you’ll pay between 20-45% income tax and National Insurance Contributions (NICs), which for the 2024-25 tax year are the following:

6% on profits of £12,570 up to £50,270
2% on profits over £50,270

Depending on your earnings, operating as a limited company may be more tax-efficient than being a sole trader. This is because you’ll pay corporation tax, which is usually less than the income tax you’d otherwise pay. If your business earns over £250,000, you’ll pay the main rate of corporation tax at 25%. If your profits are less than £50,000, you'll pay 19% corporation tax - the small profits rate. You’ll also pay two types of National Insurance as director of your business. Your company will pay NIC if it's an employer, and you’ll also pay National Insurance on your salary.

Take a look at our guide on self employed vs limited company for more details.

How much can you earn freelance before tax?

As a freelancer, how much tax you’ll pay will depend on your income and the tax band you’re in. You won’t pay tax on the first £12,570 of your income, known as your Personal Allowance. Your Personal Allowance decreases by £1 for every £2 you earn over £100,000, and if your income is over £125,140 you don’t receive a Personal Allowance.

Your income will affect the percentage of Income Tax you’ll pay:

Up to £12,570: You won’t pay tax on the first £12,570 of your income, known as your Personal Allowance. So, if you earn less than this as a freelancer you won’t pay Income Tax.
£12,571-£50,270: You’ll pay 20% Income Tax.
£50,271-£125,140: You’ll pay 40% Income Tax.
Over £125,140: You’ll pay 45% Income Tax.

How to pay tax as a freelancer

So, when do freelancers pay tax in the UK? First, you’ll need to submit an annual self assessment tax return with HMRC. You must register with HMRC by the 5th October after the end of the tax year you became self-employed. You’ll need to submit your self assessment tax return and pay any tax you owe for the previous tax year (known as a balancing payment) by 31st January. Your second payment on account will be due on 31st July. Should you miss a deadline, you may face financial penalties, so it’s best to get it out of the way as soon as possible. In fact, 300,000 people filed their tax returns in the first week of the tax year. You can pay your tax bill online through the government’s website.

If you operate as a limited company, you’ll need to pay corporation tax and the deadline will depend on your taxable profits. If your taxable profits are up to £1.5 million, you’ll need to pay your corporation tax to HMRC 9 months and 1 day after the end of your accounting period, which is usually your financial year but you may have two accounting periods in the year you set up your company. The government explains your limited company’s first accounts and tax return here. You can pay your corporation tax through your online banking, through direct debit or online through the government’s website. You can’t pay your corporation tax by post.

Do freelancers charge VAT?

Regardless of whether you’re a sole trader or limited company, you’ll need to register for VAT if your turnover is over £90,000 or you expect it to go over this amount in the next 30 days. Most goods and services are charged at the standard rate of 20%. You’ll then need to complete a VAT return to let HMRC know how much VAT you’ve charged and how much you’ve paid to other businesses.

Claiming tax relief as a freelancer

Paying tax on your hard-earned income can feel disheartening as a freelancer. You’ll be pleased to know that you can claim freelancer tax deductions, known as ‘allowable expenses’. These are business costs that HMRC allows you as a self-employed person, sole trader or freelancer to claim as tax expenses against your profits. Your expenses will only be approved if they’re ‘wholly and exclusively’ for business purposes, and HMRC can ask for proof of all allowable expenses that you claim.

Some costs you may claim as allowable expenses include:

The cost of buying stock and/or the materials you need to carry out repairs and maintenance work
Rent or mortgage interest (not capital repayment) on commercial premises
Computers, mobile devices, printers and other equipment that you buy and keep within your business, as long as you use ‘cash-basis accounting’ (meaning you record your income/costs in your financial records when you’re paid or make payments)
Equipment repairs, office furniture, business stationery

Tax allowable expenses for limited companies

You may also be able to claim business expenses for your limited company, as long as the expenses you claim have been incurred wholly and exclusively during the running of your business. For example, if your employees use computer screens as a key part of their role, they can claim eye tests as well as health checks as limited company expenses.

Other tax allowable expenses may include claiming the cost of accommodation while on a business trip, business insurance costs, and a portion of your household costs and utility bills if you work from home.

What expenses can I claim as a sole trader?

As a sole trader, you can use HMRC’s simplified expenses to calculate your business expenses, which use flat rates instead of working out your actual business costs. This can save you from needing to carry out any complex calculations. Alternatively, you can calculate your expenses by working out the actual costs. Costs you can claim as allowable expenses include things like office costs (such as stationery and equipment), travel costs, staff costs and financial costs like insurance. Usually, as a sole trader, you can claim expenses once a year when completing your self assessment tax return.

You can use the government’s simplified expenses tool to see which method would work best for you.

Balancing tax as a freelancer

How you’ll navigate tax as a freelancer will largely depend on how you run your business - either as a sole trader or limited company. Your business structure also affects the tax relief you’re entitled to, which can also lower your tax bill.

Knowing how to pay tax as a freelancer can feel daunting, and you may worry about submitting the wrong form or misunderstanding the tax relief you’re entitled to. Working with an accountant can alleviate any pressure or anxiety you may have, knowing you can rely on a professional to take care of things for you. Once you’ve formed your business with SUAZ you’ll gain exclusive access to BSC’s business marketplace. BSC can match you with the right accountant for your business needs, so you have your tax queries taken care of.

Ready to kick start your freelance journey? Form your company with SUAZ today.